{"id":542,"date":"2019-12-17T12:10:10","date_gmt":"2019-12-17T12:10:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/?p=542"},"modified":"2020-03-31T20:19:38","modified_gmt":"2020-03-31T20:19:38","slug":"forest-reclamation-experience-in-sandy-massifs-ecosystems-of-the-terek-kuma-interfluve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/?p=542","title":{"rendered":"FOREST RECLAMATION EXPERIENCE IN SANDY MASSIFS ECOSYSTEMS OF THE TEREK-KUMA INTERFLUVE"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Surkhaev G.A., Surkhaev I.G., Kulik K.N., Starodubtseva G.P. Forest Reclamation Experience in Sandy Massifs Ecosystems of the Terek-Kuma Interfluve [in Russian; Abstract is available in English] \/\/ Ecosystems: ecology and dynamics. 2019. Vol. 3. No. 4. P. 3-23. | <a href=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-Surkhaev-abstract-engl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abstract<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-Surkhaev-articel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-Surkhaev-reference.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reference<\/a> |<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-542 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-543'>\n\t\t\t\tAutumn golden leafage of an artificial oak forest on the Terek-Kuma sands (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-547\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-547'>\n\t\t\t\tPlantation of vegetation generation of Robinia pseudoacacia on the sands of the Terek massif, near water (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-548'>\n\t\t\t\tPomegranate in the trench planting culture of Achikulak station (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-549'>\n\t\t\t\t50-year-old bed of Pinus pallasiana and Pinus sylvestris on the Bazhigansky forest massif (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-550'>\n\t\t\t\tExperimental plantation of Juniperus virginiana on the introduction plot of Achikulak station (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-551\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-551'>\n\t\t\t\tCultures of 48-year-old Pinus sylvestris on the experimental field of Achikulak station (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-552\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-552'>\n\t\t\t\tExperimental cultures of Juniperus communis and Juniperus virginiana, planted by Achikulak station in 1949 on the Terek sand massif (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-553\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-553'>\n\t\t\t\tCultures of 35-year-old hybrid poplars in the afforestation of the Terek hilly sands, on the Tembulat forest house of Achikulak station (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-542 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9-2.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/9-2-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-554'>\n\t\t\t\t\u041f\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0436\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0410\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u0418\u041b\u041e\u0421 (\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0413.\u0410.\u0421\u0443\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/10-1.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/10-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/10-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/10-1-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-555'>\n\t\t\t\tSuperior Quercus robur tree in the beds plantations of Achikulak station (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/11-1.jpg'><img width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/11-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/11-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/11-1-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-556'>\n\t\t\t\tDecorative form of jujube tree in the plantation culture of Achikulak station (photo by G.A.Surkhaev)\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Terek-Kuma Sands are mainly ancient alluvial quaternary deposits, occupying about 800 thousand hectares within the boundaries of the Terek and Kuma rivers interfluve in the western arid part of the Caspian Lowland. The afforestation of this territory was started in the late XIX century (1894-1895) in order to stabilize open sands and restore degraded pastures of the region for the livestock production.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For more than a century the sand melioration in this territory shows high efficiency of a wide range (more than 100 species of trees and shrubs) tree cultures usage in the formation of different protective plantings (narrowband, curtains, clumps, solid) for agricultural (pastures, gardens, vineyards, planted herbs, melons species and other rain crops cultivation) and forestry (timber plantation, fruit and plucking plantations of commercially valuable crops) development of \u201cwaste lands\u201d, i.e. the arid sands of the region.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to some studies, on a large part of this interfluve territory (about 70% of it) sands have a fairly significant (0.2-1.0%) humus percentage and relatively high (25-40%) content of easily digestible minerals (feldspars, apatites, micas, amosites etc.), which enrich the soil with ash nutrition elements.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, some salinity of sandy soils and lack of moisture are limiting factors for the normal growth and longevity of trees and shrubs due to the density of ground waters in the capillary fringe and water balance disturbance of trees under ontogenesis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We found out that growth and longevity of tree-shrub phytocenosis on the Terek-Kuma sands depended on the degree of availability of additional source of soil moisture, such as ground water, aside from precipitation; and its share in the water balance should be at least 50-70%.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Keywords<\/em>: Terek-Kuma sands, forest reclamation, afforestation, protective plantations, forest cultures, Bazhigansky Array, arid region, <em>Robinia leachate<\/em>, summer oak, sand stabilization, desertification, sand melioration.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>DOI: 10.24411\/ 2542-2006-2019-10043<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Surkhaev G.A., Surkhaev I.G., Kulik K.N., Starodubtseva G.P. Forest Reclamation Experience in Sandy Massifs Ecosystems of the Terek-Kuma Interfluve [in Russian; Abstract is available in English] \/\/ Ecosystems: ecology and dynamics. 2019. Vol. 3. No. 4. P. 3-23. | Abstract <span class=\"excerpt-dots\">&hellip;<\/span> <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/?p=542\"><span class=\"more-msg\">Read next<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":549,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59],"tags":[76,80,79,84,78,75,77,81,85,83,82,74],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/542"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=542"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/542\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":621,"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/542\/revisions\/621"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=542"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=542"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ecosystemsdynamic.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}